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1.Best Practices for Equivalence Testing[Original Blog]
Equivalence Testing: Best Practices
Equivalence testing is a critical aspect of software testing, especially when dealing with complex systems or intricate business logic. It allows us to verify whether two or more implementations are equivalent in terms of functionality, behavior, or performance. In this section, we'll discuss some essential best practices to follow when conducting equivalence testing.
1. Understand the Context:
Before diving into equivalence testing, it's crucial to understand the context in which it will be applied. Consider the following perspectives:
- Functional Equivalence: Focus on verifying that different implementations produce the same output for the same input.
- Behavioral Equivalence: Look beyond functional equivalence and consider aspects like error handling, edge cases, and performance.
- Statistical Equivalence: When dealing with numerical data, statistical equivalence ensures that the results are statistically indistinguishable.
2. Partitioning and Boundary Analysis:
- Divide the input space into equivalence classes based on shared characteristics. For example, if testing a login system, create classes for valid credentials, invalid credentials, and edge cases (e.g., empty fields).
- Pay special attention to boundary values (e.g., minimum and maximum allowed values). These are often where defects hide.
3. Test Selection Strategy:
- Prioritize equivalence classes based on risk and impact. high-risk areas (e.g., critical functionality) should receive more extensive testing.
- Use a combination of exhaustive testing (testing all equivalence classes) and representative sampling (testing a subset).
- Generate test data that covers all equivalence classes. For instance:
- If testing a currency converter, include cases with positive, negative, and zero amounts.
- If testing a date picker, cover leap years, weekends, and holidays.
- Leverage tools or scripts to automate test data generation.
5. Oracle Design:
- Define what constitutes correct behavior (the oracle) for each equivalence class.
- Consider using assertions, expected outcomes, or reference implementations as oracles.
- Document the expected behavior explicitly.
6. Comparing Outputs:
- Execute the different implementations using the same input data.
- Compare their outputs (results, logs, or other artifacts) systematically.
- Highlight any discrepancies or deviations.
7. Edge Cases and Stress Testing:
- Test extreme scenarios, such as:
- Large input values (stress testing).
- Inputs near the boundaries (edge cases).
- Concurrent or parallel execution.
- These tests often reveal hidden defects.
- Whenever changes are made to the system, re-run equivalence tests.
- Ensure that modifications (bug fixes, enhancements, or updates) do not introduce new equivalence class issues.
9. Reporting and Documentation:
- Document the equivalence classes, test cases, and their expected outcomes.
- Include any deviations or anomalies observed during testing.
- Maintain a traceability matrix to link requirements to test cases.
Example: Equivalence Testing for a Temperature Converter:
Suppose we're testing a temperature converter that converts between Celsius and Fahrenheit. Our equivalence classes could include:
- Valid positive Celsius values (e.g., 25°C).
- Valid negative Celsius values (e.g., -10°C).
- Invalid input (e.g., non-numeric characters).
- Boundary values (e.g., 0°C and 100°C).
We'd create test cases for each class, execute the converter, and compare the results against the expected Fahrenheit values.
Remember, effective equivalence testing requires a balance between thoroughness and efficiency. By following these best practices, we can confidently validate the equivalence of our software components and ensure a high-quality product.
Best Practices for Equivalence Testing - Equivalence Testing: How to Test Your Product'sEquivalence Classes and Partitions